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Holocaust and Genocide Studies 2001 15(3):412-427; doi:10.1093/hgs/15.3.412
© 2001 by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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The National Socialist "Solution of the Gypsy Question": Central Decisions, Local Initiatives, and Their Interrelation1

Michael Zimmermann

Ruhrland-Museum, Essen Germany

New empirical research on the Holocaust shows that the Nationals Socialist annihilation of Jews was brought about not simply by orders from Berlin, but by an interplay between directives from above and initiatives from below. This interplay of center and periphery applies to Nazi persecution of the Gypsies as well. Initiatives from the periphery sometimes interrupted the escalatioon of Gyspy policy. Sometimes aggravated it.The center occasionally prevented the periphery from engaging in murderous action. Sometimes Berlin, on the contrary,intiated and sanctioned deportation and murder. For an accurated picture of Gyspy policy one therefore has to go beyond a schematic appooach in order to analyze thr complex interaction between center and periphery.


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