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Holocaust and Genocide Studies 1994 8(3):335-348; doi:10.1093/hgs/8.3.335
© 1994 by United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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The Price of Heroism: Veterans of the Dutch Resistance to the Nazi Occupation and the Holocaust in World War II

Wybrand Op den Velde, Ellen Frey-wouters and Henk E. Pelser

Stichting 1940–1945 Amsterdam
City Univ1ersity of New York; Stichting 1940–1945 Amsterdam Director of the International Polices Research Institute New York.
Stichting 1940–1945 Amsterdam

Participation in the Dutch civilian resistance against the Nazi occupation and the Holocaust during World War II may have a life-long impact on the survivors. Nowadays, many resistance veterans suffer from an impairing posttraumatic stress disorder, which often manifested itself only in later adulthood, after an apparently symptom-free period, sometimes lasting decades. This article describes resistance veterans' patterns of coping with traumatic war experiences, as well as the underlying causes for their often difficult postwar adjustment, in particular social ambivalence, and lack of respect for courageous behavior and endured suffering.


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